Cancer tissue compared to the first appearance often referred to. Lung cancer starts in the lungs first. Small cell lung cancer in the lung tissue cancer (malignant, malignant) cells are located is a disease. A large part of our lungs, chest cavity filled cone-shaped, spongy organs in the structure is a pair The main task of the lungs, the body cells from the body of the residue at which carbon dioxide and oxygen to the body with the essential requirements for survival is to take. Lungs main “bronchi” air-containing tubes called “alveoli” test of the air sacs, blood and lymph (lymphatic fluid) vessels were formed.

 Based on the images of the cells under a microscope are two main types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Incidence in Reveal How Much? Today is an epidemic disease and lung cancer in men worldwide is the most lethal types of cancer. Among the causes of death after cardiovascular disease, 2 takes place. Since 1987, women in the United States is also the first fatal cancer. In 1996, female lung cancer in the United States 64.000, 44.000 women died of breast cancer. Increase in lung cancer cases in the United States in the 1990s, women emerged in the 1960s after the rapid increase in smoking habits is optional. Of lung cancer increases in women in the United States will continue at least until 2010, maybe after this date can stop the increase is estimated. Rapidly in developed countries outside the U.S. at first causes. When we look at all the world average for men first, women after breast cancer is second. World Health Organization in 1985 in developing countries died from diseases linked to smoking 300.000 women, this 21.1% has been reported in lung cancer depends. Emerging number of patients each year all over the world continues to increase. In 2000, the world will be 2 million new lung cancer detected, 60% of them will be in developing countries is calculated. The rate of increase is more pronounced, especially in women. Yet lung cancer XX. YY. ‘S head was extremely rare disease. And consumption of tobacco into cigarettes as a result of the rapid spread of lung cancer epidemic has emerged in the 1940s and the effect of the epidemic, all over the world, continues to increase. In our country every year according to official figures revealed 20,000-25,000 new lung cancer patients and it is believed that this figure could reach 30,000-40,000. Because our country is no reliable health statistics. In our country, the majority of lung cancer seen in men. Female: male ratio 1: 7-8 is around. But after the 1980s, women in our country, this rate of increasing non-addictive the latest in 5-10 years will affect significantly in favor of women. According to data from the Ministry of Health between the years 1983-1989 in our country, cancer incidence 32/100.000 ‘dir. This portion of 26% of lung cancer comprise the first order. According to data from 1991-1992 the proportion of cancer of the respiratory system, 43′tür% of all cancers. According to data in the same estimates, the actual incidence of cancer should be 120-130/100.000. Lung cancer by region in order look at the distribution of Aegean Region 39.5%, 26.9% in Marmara Region, Eastern Anatolia Region 26.1%, 18.2%, Southeastern Anatolia, Mediterranean Region, 18.1%, 16.6% in the Central Anatolia Region is money.

What are the Risk Factors of Lung Cancer Causes ?

 Lung cancer is the main reason for smoking. 80-90% of all lung cancer due to smoking alone is. Risk of smoking duration, total cigarette smoking, and age of onset varies depending on the type of cigarette smoking. A woman who smoke risk of lung cancer in women, according to a 1.5-153 times higher than non. Moreover, the same amount of women compared to men exposed to cigarette 1.5-3 times greater risk of lung cancer was calculated to be. Of lung cancer after active smoking is the second most important risk factors or other names as exposure to passive smoking or exposure to passive smoking, is to be foggy. Passive smoking exposure alone is reported to average 1.2-1.3 fold increased risk. Family history of lung cancer that increases the risk of lung cancer. Family history of lung cancer and never smoked a woman’s lung cancer risk 2.8 times increased when the family in lung cancer and non-smoking women this risk 11.3 times increased; with lung cancer who smoke and a woman is at the risk of 30-fold increase has been demonstrated. Also called asbestos dust in dealing with business people who work in working with a variety of chemical workers in the business before undergoing lung disease and lung from the scar tissue in the developing lung cancer risk in people is increasing. Some nutritional properties of the lung cancer risk may affect the known. In addition to motor vehicles, air pollution due to factory chimneys of the houses are not suitable for the wood-burning coal to heat the formation of cancer causing substances has been demonstrated. Air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer that can be thought of but have not identified the degree of risk. Development of lung cancer from environmental radon exposure may be associated with a geographical as lung cancer may lead to height is known. Small cell lung cancer who smoke or drink often in people who are. Some studies this association has come up 98′lere%. Lung Cancer and Women Lung cancer in women in the United States is the number one cancers. Is responsible for 25% of all cancer deaths in 1996, 64.300 women killed. Lung cancer death rate in women with smoking rates are among parallellik. Spread in the community of cigarette smoking and lung cancer mortality rate increased between the incubation period is 15-20 years. Lung cancer deaths in women increased rapidly after 1960 and continues to increase (Figure 2). According to this chart in our country among women of non-addictive, especially in the last 5-10 years has increased much more rapidly when considering the graph in the 1965-70′lerdeki for the moment we are in such cases, the lung cancer epidemic among women in our country becoming more predictable as to be flared.  Female lung cancer death rates increasing in the United States. Is a dramatic increase between 1930-1990 and continued to increase since 1960 is observed acceleration. Smokers compared to men who smoke risk to women in small cell lung cancer is greater. Fold increase risk for men and 11.4-37.5 times when women are increasing at 37.6-86. Non-specific risk factors for all types of lung cancer is, but the strongest relationship with non-small cell lung cancer is common in women. Although not exactly prove that female hormones, and some properties of estrogen may affect the type of lung cancer and gender differences among lung cancer are thought to be responsible for.

 Small Cell Lung Cancer Incidence in Reveal What?

 Some 20% of all lung cancers are small cell lung cancer. Other types of lung cancer is the type showing the most rapid growth. This type of lung cancer associated with cigarette smoking is the most obvious lung cancer. Non-smoking women compared to men caught in this type of likelihood is greater. 

 Small Cell Lung Cancer What are the symptoms?

 In this disease the following symptoms before a doctor biran to go in terms of warning: not exceeding cough or chest pain, wheeze during respiratory, wheeze hearing sounds, shortness of breath, coughing blood or bloody sputum to hoarseness or neck swelling and percent of emergence. Furthermore, the excessive growth of cancer tissue as a result of the chest cavity compressing into major organ, and difficulty in swallowing, heart failure, such as the findings may give. However, cancer cells of the body can spread to almost every organ and tissue in the brain, liver, bone, adrenal glands, mainly according to the findings may give the location. In fact, vision loss can lead to eye even spread. Furthermore, cancer cells are not spread, depending on some items if they are secreted in the body can make many metabolic and hormonal problems. This disease is suspected, your doctor with a device called bronchoscope will want to look into your bronchial tubes. This test is called a bronchoscopy is usually performed in hospital conditions. This test is given prior to the patient a local drug drugs, so a temporary period in the throat, windpipe in the state not to feel exposed. Although some may feel pressure not pain. Then your doctor or cells of the bronchial wall can take small parts and whether the cancer cells under a microscope will be investigated. This process is at biopsy. Are difficult to reach with the bronchoscope to obtain lung tissue regions can also use a needle from the outside. In this procedure, a small incision in the skin can be made and the needle is inserted between the ribs. This process is called needle aspiration biopsy. Pathology doctor with a microscope, any cancer cells to understand whether the received tissues are exposed. Test before the patient’s pain is not being used for the local effective drugs. To get rid of the disease (prognosis, right-survival) and treatment selection, stage of cancer (lung only or has spread to other places to be you) and the patient’s gender and general health status depend on.

Announcement of Phase Small cell lung cancer stages Small cell lung cancer is detected will be determined, in lung cancer cells spread to other body regions are further tests will be made to understand (staging process). Doctor’s treatment plan is necessary to know the stage of the disease. Small cell lung cancer, there are the following phases: Limited disease Only one lung cancer and / or is in lymph nodes near (lymph gland small, bean-like formation in the body are, and all are. Microbe in the body makes and stores cells that are fighting with). Common diseases From the chest cavity or the lung cancer starts in other parts of the body has spread to other tissues. Recurrent stage Recurrent disease after treatment of cancer mean re-emergence (of relapsed) means. The lungs or another part of the body may occur.

Treatment Options Small cell lung cancer, how is it treated?

All options are treated in patients with lung cancer. Three types of treatment are used. Surgery (to remove the cancer to take) Radiation (radiation) therapy (high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells using) Chemotherapy (using drugs to kill cancer cells) In addition, small cell lung cancer, new treatments are effective in the treatment of clinical studies have investigated whether the. Surgery, only one lung cancer and has spread to lymph nodes in most cases the best available. Small cell lung cancer does not usually found in only one lung surgery can be used rarely. However, sometimes surgery patients to understand exactly what the cancer is located can also be used for. If surgery is one of the doctors will do the following operations: Only a small portion of a lung removed style incisions that wedge (wedge resection). An entire lobe of the lung lobectomy surgery are removed. The entire operation is called pneumonectomy in a lung is removed. During the doctor’s surgery is cancer of the lymph gland also may issue. Radiation treatment to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors to x-rays or other high-energy rays are used. Small cell lung cancer is usually done through a device outside the body (external radiation therapy). This treatment both in the lung cancer cells spread to other parts of the body are used to kill. Radiation treatment in the brain can also be used to prevent cancer development. This is called protective brain irradiation. This protective functions of the brain irradiation can affect the brain doctor to the patient a treatment that can help you to decide. Radiation treatment alone, with surgery and / or chemotherapy can be used with. Chemotherapy of small cell lung cancer treatment is a method used in all phases ençok. Chemotherapy in the form of pills or injections can be given through the vein or muscle can be applied. Chemotherapy is also known as a systemic treatment because the drugs enter the bloodstream and circulates the entire body except the lungs can kill cancer cells in the brain, for example. According to the treatment phase Small cell lung cancer treatment stage of the disease, the patient’s age and general health status depend on. Standard chemotherapy has been shown to be effective from the old research can be used to make an agenda or a clinical research protocol could result. Most patients with standard chemotherapy can not be good, and some even higher than expected side effects occur. For these reasons, to find better treatments for cancer clinical trials are done and they are based on the latest clinical information. Small cell lung cancer is currently in our clinic is not an experimental treatment. 

 Limited Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment may be one of the following:

1. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the chest area + / – protective brain irradiation.

2. Chemotherapy + / – protective brain irradiation.

 3. Following surgery and chemotherapy + / – protective brain irradiation. In clinical studies of new drugs and new and different ways to the above treatments are tried.

Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Pervasive Treatment may be one of the following:

1. Chemotherapy + / – protective brain irradiation.

2. In the body of cancer cells have spread to the brain, such as bone or the spine to correct for the radiation treatment of complaints by region. In clinical studies of new drugs and new and different ways to the above treatments are tried.

Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment may be one of the following:

1. Comfort (quality of life due to disease) to improve radiation treatment.

2. Comfort (quality of life due to disease) to improve chemotherapy.

3. Comfort (quality of life due to disease) to improve to keep the airway open, laser, radiation therapy or equipment applications.

4. Try a new drug clinical research.

Hepatitis B virus and liver cells, inflammation and the resulting damage is defined as hepatitis B diseases
How is HEPATITIS B  transmitted?

From person to person through body fluids ways:
Blood
Sperm  
Vaginal fluids and secretions (including blood units)
Transition from mother to baby during birth (perinatal hepatitis

BLOOD, BLOOD PRODUCTS:
 
Transmission via blood vessels, especially in developed countries from those who use illegal drugs, the needles they use to spread to other people is emerging. Also they use these people for the use by others of goods allows to infect. But in the world in terms of hepatitis B is very high-risk group in terms of health workers through needle contamination is extremely important. Health personnel working in various health units, especially with hepatitis B accidental pinprick to catch. In addition, health workers still an object contaminated with the blood of sick people still are injured by accident or contact with hepatitis B still eat they can be caught. Normal population and for health workers again as a result of blood transfusions are at risk of developing this disease. Developed countries, this problem was solved by making the blood transplants during the scan. Such an infection has been eliminated because of the way.
 
SEXUAL RELATIONS:
 
Hepatitis B infection during sexual intercourse with a person’s body fluids other partner’s vagina, anus (rectum, especially the inverse relationship) the urine channel (ureters), and in the mouth with the disease through contact with injured or scratched area.
 
TATTOO AND PIERCING
 
Our country and all over the world tattoo (tattoo), and enough sterile needles are used during the piercing, and therefore tmiz the concerned person is infected.
 
AND TOOTH BRUSH RAZOR SET
 
And blood of people infected with diseased uses razor, shaving brush and tooth brush for use with the hepatitis B can be transmitted.
 
Perinatal PASS: (in PREGNANCY PASS)
 
Hepatitis B from mother to child during birth as a result of germs pass is defined as the transition perianatal situation arose.
 
Incubation DURATION OF HEPATITIS B:
 
Typically ranging from 45-180 days with an incubation period of 60-90 days between the disease on average, large segments of society are required for the emergence of disease is at an incubation period.
 
Is Hepatitis B transmitted by incubation Stage ?
 
Naturally the first question that comes to mind is whether or not infectious diseases during the incubator. YES … especially body fluids during the incubation period is very contagious. Antibodies to hepatitis B in the body (the body against germs created by the origin protein preservatives) in the formation stage to date is a highly contagious disease.
 
DRIED BLOOD AND SALIVARY have (saliva) from an infectious RISK OF HEPATITIS B ANGLE FAKTOR?
 
YES … a week, even as the rest dried blood and saliva of transmission of hepatitis sufficient for disease. For this reason, must be very careful. 
 
IS HEPATITIS B PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DISEASES TRANSMITTED  ?
 
YES … especially people with chronic hepatitis B carriers and those people living with sex partner in terms of disease risk 
EVIDENCE OF HEPATITIS B:
 
Newborn infants with hepatitis B does not give any symptoms significantly related. With advancing age is directly proportional to symptoms. Age progresses, research has shown increased symptoms. The symptoms of hepatitis B disease is as follows;
 
Excessive weakness in whole body
Mild fever
Headache
Appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Especially pain and tenderness over the liver area. This pain is increased vibration and bending.
Constipation or diarrhea
Widespread pain in muscles and joints
Skin rash
5 years of age and adults over 40% of the jaundice may occur. 10% of babies, but also the jaundice can be seen.
Finally, some patients or physicians until accidentally given blood screening test for hepatitis B hepatitis B that they would not know until you ask. This means that in some cases without the symptoms of hepatitis means pass or can not be understood. If to be aware of the above symptoms, infection can occur in any flu. However, pain over liver region, with special attention to symptoms such as jaundice should be …. Screening tests or been vaccinated individuals, especially whether the disease had not had to understand, and this result is negative, according to the results of vaccination, positive, life must be under supervision. Because hepatitis B can cause cirrhosis and liver cancer is a disease insidious. Some cases of liver cancer or cirrhosis suddenly under the hepatitis B virus is determined, and these patients subsequently diagnosed until it’s unaware of the hepatitis B are circulating.

HEPATITIS B virus in BODY WHAT HAPPENS AFTER TAKEN?
 
After receiving the vast majority of patients with diseases associated with antibody formation as well feel themselves within 4-8 weeks. Especially in elderly patients may have more severe symptoms. And sometimes symptoms can be prolonged in these patients.
 
A small part of the patients in the patient’s blood and liver hepatitis B virus is detected. These patients with chronic hepatitis B patients that we are in the form. This increase can be seen in patients with liver enzyme tests. Without any symptoms or those patients live for years with a chronic form. However, as we have previously underlined in chronic hepatitis B carriers live with their household and sex partners for the disease risk is greater in terms of the catchment.
 
HEPATITIS B VIRUS WITH THE BAD ÇIKABİLCEK WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?
 
Cirrhosis (chronic widespread and progressive liver life expectancy of 38-40 months . It is fatal disease)
Liver cancer
Liver failure
In a very short time, called fulminant hepatitis (1 month like …) that lead to fatal liver failure disease type
Hepatitis D disease
WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS B DISEASE?
 
Hepatitis B carriers should have a sex partner
Polygamy
To have another sexually transmitted disease
Of hepatitis B patients with forks, spoons, knives, razors, razor and other items to share
Intravenous drug use
Professions (doctors, nurses, dentists, blood and blood products, laboratory and blood center staff to deal with.
Hepatitis B virus in terms of more than 6 months to live in high-risk countries (China, Africa, Asia and north-east of the center of the continent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe)
Hepatitis B virus carriers for a long time a person sharing the same room for various reasons (dormitories, prisons … etc)
Be homosexual or bisexual
Tattoo or piercing in a clean and hygienic places do not work in here and
Hygienic conditions can not be good for a barber to shave
Hepatitis B virus infection in the mother with a newborn child is always rsik factor. But babies are born not born and hepatitis B vaccine hepatitis immunglobin protective (protective serum) is made will be infected.
A person bitten by the hepatitis B be li
Dialysis patients with hemophilia or to become. (These people to receive blood or blood needs to be cleaned constantly, the group as they are in extremely high risk group for hepatitis B is.)
HEPATITIS B AND FITNESS  kissing?
 
NO … kissing with hepatitis B does not. As a society we have a structure that often kissing this issue is important to know.
 
HEPATITIS B FOR DOCTOR WHEN I STARTED  percussion?
 
The above-mentioned risk factors are stone, as well as hepatitis B-related disease, we still rank above if you have any symptoms immediately to your physician about testing for hepatitis head shot here. In addition, cases of hepatitis B in 35% of the disease without any risk factors identified to be non-vaccine to everyone by referring physicians tests, if the test is negative immunized, positive, periodic monitoring is required. Because of chronic hepatitis B in terms of results is a dangerous disease. Liver failure, cirrhosis, liver cancer, such as the severe and fatal consequences of this disease can go into communities, families and individuals faced with very dramatic results.
 
IMPORTANT NOTE 1: The same place and any person that you share the house a new hepatitis B disease has been identified immediately to your doctor and you test your application for protection.
 
IMPORTANT NOTE 2: Women or men get an unprotected sexual relations, especially after the test your doctor immediately if you have doubts and protection for your application.
 
IMPORTANT NOTE 3: Hepatitis B is one that you think your doctor immediately if you test by ısırılı and protection for your application.
 
IMPORTANT NOTE 4: If your profession (doctors, nurses, dentists, blood and blood products that deal with laboratory and blood center employees …. short health workers …) risk group, test your doctor immediately if you and your application for protection. 
  
 
 
Exposure to hepatitis B on the likelihood (for example, think of hepatitis B li having sex with someone you have entered, or been bitten, or someone you live in the same room with hepatitis B disease were detected in the new …) When you expect your doctor does not like a luxury. Physician immediately you hepatitis B immune globulin (protective serum) and will take three doses of vaccine should hepati.
 
HOW LONG AFTER SEXUAL RELATIONS 

from the hepatitis B immune globulin (protective serum) DEPOSIT do?
 
Suspect a sexual relationship after the first hepatitis B immune globilinini must be made within 2 WEEKS. If you pass this time of hepatitis B immune globulin (protective serum) no protective effect. Of course, in the first 2 weeks of this serum in addition to 3 doses of a vaccine program must be taken. 
  
If such a situation exposed to hepatitis B must be made within 7 DAYS immune globilinini first. If you pass this time of hepatitis B immune globulin (protective serum) no protective effect. In addition to the serum within the first 7 DAYS subject to a 3-dose vaccination program will need to be taken.
 
The COURSE OF DISEASE:
 
Acute and chronic hepatitis B disease is a disease. In the form of acute illness without ever feeling as good, ongoing course of several weeks of mild symptoms recover. This process usually can be described as 4-8 weeks. The disease more than 6 months duration and the liver in a person’s blood is determined that no chronic means. Chronic disease results in terms of replication can occur is a situation that must be followed. Because chronic hepatitis B disease can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. We must emphasize that our readers with important issues here. All forms of chronic hepatitis B causes liver cancer in cirrhosis or not. Can cause called. Children in the course of the disease in terms of obstinacy olasığı seems more at-risk group. Because the hepatitis B infection during birth yenidoğana obstinacy of 90% is likely. Yet between the ages of 1-5 received a 30% probability of hepatitis kroniklşeme stop. 5 years later this figure back up to 7% of lere.
 
CLINICAL:
 
1-jaundiced FORM: In the beginning flu infection, gastroenteritis, (poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain on the right) rashes, fever, headache, weakness, rapid fatigue, joint pain and inflammation, such as non-specific symptoms are. Getting back to these symptoms in patients with jaundice appears. This period of darkening the color of urine and stool color healing eder.Tam opening lead is 6 months.
 
2-FORM without jaundice: Clinical symptoms and findings is soft and the clinical form of overlooked is the case.
 
3-cholestatic FORM: jaundice and symptoms are itchy.
 
4-SUBFULMİNAN FORM: mild fever and jaundice with the complaints of the digestive system without healing continues. 3-10 weeks or 1-3 years in the death of cirrhosis develops.
 
5-fulminant FORM: within 1-2 weeks, resulting in severe liver failure and death would be.
 
HEPATITIS B AND BLOOD TESTS:
 
When you talk to your physician and physical examination as well as considering your application because hepatitis B is suspected when the doctor if you want blood tests for hepatitis B will. These tests are three main groups;
 
DNA of Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B virus genes, which is defined as HBV DNA.
Hepatitis B antigens: hepatitis B virus structural proteins in the blood occur.
Hepatitis B antibodies: by the body for protection from hepatitis B protein produced built preservatives.
  These tests are briefly:
 
Hbs-Ag: hepatitis B (surface) surface antigen
Anti-Hbs: Hepatitis B surface antigen produced by the body to neutralize the protective protein
Hbe-Ag: hepatitis B antigen of the “early” antigens as adladırılır
Anti-Hbe: Hepatitis B antigen Hbe-Ag antigen produced by the body to neutralize the protective protein
Anti-HBc (Ig-M): Hepatitis B “core” antigen (early out)
Anti-HBc (Ig-G): Hepatitis B “core” antigen (late interest)
HBV-DNA: hepatitis B DNA genetic material (serum)
DETAILED INFORMATION RELATING TO THE TEST:
 
Hepatitis B surface (surface) antigen (HBsAg): this test occurs in the positive cases in question is the following;
this test is positive for hepatitis B yi can infect other people around.
these antigens in the blood of a person longer than 6 months remains positive, if this situation is the chronic hepatitis B infection.
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive test occurs in the following situations would be concerned;
This antigen is positive and the person with hepatitis B infection indicates severe infection.
people with chronic hepatitis B infection, this antigen is higher, this increased risk of liver disease in people, and that these people will be evaluated in terms of treatment.
Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc): This antibody
Is positive in all patients with positive HBsAg.
hepatitis B infected with one or more times that these antibodies are positive in all persons.
Type of hepatitis B core antigen IgM Antibody (IgM anti-HBc):
Whether or not along with positive HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc positivity was infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis B infection has been passed in the last 6 months shows.
The presence of these antibodies was HBsAg negative acute hepatitis B infection has been spent on or near the time shows
Type of hepatitis B core antigen IgG Antibody (IgG anti-HBc):
1. antibodies to hepatitis B infection is showing. The course of the disease does not reveal data about the net.
 
Hepatitis B surface (surface) antibodies (anti-HBs): this antibody
These antibodies of hepatitis B in the period between the beginning and healing occur.
hepatitis B vaccine in people who can make these antibodies are positive. And protective shows.
Hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe):
1. these antibodies revealed the weeks and months and then disappear within the.
 
Genetic hepatitis B DNA (HBV DNA)
Most sensitive test to the hepatitis B DNA re (the genetic material) is determined. Active infection is indicative.
MONITORING AND TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B IN PATIENTS WITH LI of the FIGURE FOR DETERMINING WHICH is REQUIRED TESTS?
 
Tomography
MR (EMAR)
Abdominal ultrasound
Liver biopsy (liver resection of the process)
SPECIFICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRY WESTERN in the HBASG PREGNANCY PERIOD (Hepatitis B (surface) surface antigen) are SCREENED TO THE ROUTINE AND MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE to be. SCREENING TEST TO PREGNANT WOMEN HBsAg in our BİZDE COUNTRIES AND RISK GROUPS PREGNANT WOMEN entering the PROGRESS of the STAGE PREGNANCY TEST THESE RECOMMENDED Recurrent them will. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS FORECAST DISCUSSION MUTLAKA have your doctors.
 
SCREENING FOR HEPATITIS B TEST CONDITIONS MIN is to YAP? SCREENING TEST TO THE LOSS OR Is there without VACCINES DO?
 
Advanced western countries, according to the publication for hepatitis B screening, vaccination without doing more to make a cheap and harmless way and that way vardır.Geçirilmiş olam probability of hepatitis B infection alone as a person “without screening test carries a vaccination can harm you?” To the question of scientists the damage is not an answer. If a person unwittingly may have hepatitis B yi cup. Be scanned an existing situation gives information about hepatitis B disease. Buda and hepatitis B with a person’s future treatment of chronic problems that may arise in terms of monitoring are important.
 
WHICH TESTS FOR HEPATITIS B VACCINATION to YAP YAP should?
 
· HBsAg
 
· Anti-HBs
 
Hepatitis B vaccine is negative in the above two tests should be performed.
 
In short, if necessary, remind me to do, be POSITIVE HBsAg of the disease is a new or previously have been spent, Anti-Hbs indicates POSITIVE to be immune to the disease. If a person is experiencing a vaccination or disease developed anti-Hbs is POSITIVE. In addition, a new infection with hepatitis B virus is suspected that these tests may not give immediate results. Therefore, in suspected new infection, HBV DNA to look at is the most sensitive test. Addition need to be looked IgM anti-HBc and HBsAg. This protective serum by looking at the results (hepatitis B preventive immunglobin) and vaccines must be made.
 
TREATMENT:
 
Acute hepatitis B in the treatment process (new) or chronic (prolonged) is divided into two according to hepatitis infection.
 
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B INFECTION of:
 
The most important factor to remember, people with chronic hepatitis B infection should be under the control of physicians is that constantly. What is important here that the liver and hepatitis B virus in the blood within the time and also may increase karaciğeride may affect is real. Your physician about your liver function monitored data to be periodically checks will call you. Particularly exposed to chronic hepatitis B infection, chronic hepatitis B in one of every 3 kişden There are signs. In the majority of these patients with cirrhosis and liver failure and liver cancer is seen extremely high risk. The basic objective is to stop the virus from multiplying the emergence minimize possible damage to the liver. Chronic hepatitis B infection in the tablet (drug) treatment with the drug is 2.
 
· Interferon alfa-2b
 
· Lamivudine
 
INTERFERON ALFA-2B
 
Until recently, the classic is a drug used in chronic hepatitis B infection. Interferon reduces the ability of the virus replication. Also increases the response of the body defense system. People with chronic hepatitis B infection Teadvi edile in 35% of the virus has been shown to stop the proliferation of this drug. Lamivudine therapy in the treatment of interferon with shortening the outgoing admalarınca science has been displayed again. Taken via injection is a disadvantage compared to lamivudine. However treatment with interferon is a case to decide the implementation of your physician. Particularly good choice in cases of cirrhosis, interferon is not as şddetli. In addition, hepatitis B virus at an early age does not give good results in the closed contacts are indicated. Side effects of interferon therapy;
 
· Symptoms similar to flu infection
 
Depression
 
· Appetite
 
· Diarrhea
 
· Weakness
 
· Hair of the weakened
 
Leukocyte and platelet counts decreased ·
 
· Nausea
 
· Kuma
 
Lamivudine
 
An increasing trend with a receipt of a drug to be used as initial therapy with lamivudine was started. Want to use to receive treatment with interferon or interferon in patients can be applied. In contrast to interferon in patients with cirrhosis can be used easily. In the form of tablets taken by mouth to provide ease of use. Side effects are almost non-drug. However, the average of 75% in patients in lamivudine tedavisikesildiğinde hepatitis B virus begins to replicate. Lamivudine resistance during treatment showing what the new version of the virus occurs.
 
TRANSPLANTATION (Liver TRANSPORT)
 
Chronic hepatitis B infection and along çıkabilcek of cirrhosis, liver failure may require liver transplantation to patients in such cases. It appears that even this sentence how important that hepatitis B vaccine has an idea about you.
 
HEPATITIS B DEN SOME PREVENTIVE MEASURES
 
· Condom during sexual intercourse (hood, condoms) use
 
Be properly stored in · injector needle to be taken (especially medical wastes are to be considered.)
 
Blood and blood products dealing with · of people use latex or plastic gloves
 
· Tooth brush, razor and razor to give attention to cleaning and not shared with other people (especially the barber to pay attention to hygiene is required. Cosmetics related areas, hairdresser, barber, manicure-pedicure tools in the place of removal must be considered)
 
Prevention of drug use and use · social training for those
 
Hepatitis B vaccine is available:
 
Hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses of a vaccine that requires the application of these three doses by 95% at the end provides protection. These three doses of hepatitis B from at least 12 years, people are protected.
 
Newborn babies, all adults, drug users, within the last 6 months more than one sex partner, the people and sexually transmitted disease have those who are homosexual, bisexual people, hemophilia patients, dialysis patients, all health workers, prison staff and inmates of prisons, disabled nursing home personnel, hepatitis B in the world in terms of people who travel to risky areas … hepatitis B vaccine should be immediate.
 
AFTER HEPATITIS B VACCINATION added the CREATE CREATE is not immune YE MAY OBTAIN A DETERMINATION MIN? THIS DETERMINATION IS REQUIRED in WHO for?
 
Antibody titers against the vaccine, called YES … the answer is occurring tests your doctor may want to understand. This is not a routine practice. Stated 95% of the vaccine is holding. However, some risk groups, indicating the retention rate of the vaccine tests may be required. Health workers, chronic hepatitis B infection in people who have a sex partner, the body defense system of the vaccine in people with serious changes and keep the user tests to find out if it can be kept. In addition, after hepatitis B vaccine if you have a belief as bağışıklanmadığınız Discuss with your doctor, it is necessary to create the vaccine does not establish immunity tests can test.
 
TREATMENT OF ACUTE HEPATITIS B INFECTION in:
 
In acute hepatitis B infection is a significant medical treatment. Treatment is more supportive direction. One of the most important element in this treatment at home treatment. This treatment of the disease spreading to relax and complaints should be built upon.
 
TREATMENT OF HEPATITIS B AND HOME:
 
Home treatment; your activities then slowed down, avoid strenuous movements, fatigue by slowing down your movements when you relax. However, bed rest at home, while not mandatory. Acute (new) period, and Do not go to school. Avoid intense and stressful exercise.
 
ACUTE HEPATITIS B INFECTION in the DIET:
 
Hepatitis and diet. What type of hepatitis most commonly asked questions I diet is one of the practical. One of the most important elements in the diet of acute hepatitis (hepatitis B diet) is fluid intake. Nausea and vomiting will be created instead of fluid loss should be included. Orano protein low calorie diet, a high percentage of hepatitis A are recommended by doctors. If you drink fruit juices can be natural does not inconvenience. In addition, drinkable soups. ALCOHOL AND LIVER IN THIS PERIOD is the most important RAHATSIZ ET DRUGS USED to not be. THIS SITUATION AND LIVER DAMAGE hepatitis will INCREASE. The most important element is to set drug alınımınızı talk to your doctor. Talk to your doctor, try to solve the right system. Abstain from alcohol will need at least 4-5 months.
 
Fulminant hepatitis:
 
Sometimes acute hepatitis B infection is converted to a form called fulminant hepatitis. Within 1-2 weeks of acute liver failure is a condition that occurs. Te death rate is higher fulminant hepatitis. Patients with liver transplantation may be possible to get rid of.
 
THE IMPORTANCE OF HBV DNA TESTING: (HEPATİTB dna test)
 
Taken this test a new high hepatitb disease rate is high bulaşıcık means. In people with chronic disease hepatitb have a high degree of hepatitis is an indication that high. In this case, treatment must be started. And the best way to measure the effects of the treatment of HEPATITB DNA test.

Bladder CANCER FOLLOW

The tumor was completely removed with surgery bladder cases even 75% is possible risk of tumor reappears. Therefore, this surgery without the patient to use our special herbal medicine has survived in the big chance.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMOKING AND BLADDER CANCER Smoking cigarette  on the health of various chemical substances known to be harmful because 4000 is. Some of these chemicals caused the cancer to progress and 43 has the feature of them is extremely important. This is the most toxic substances known to a few of; ammonia, terebetin, cadmium, insecticides, naphthalene, acetone, look, vinyl chloride, formal, hydrogen cyanide, radon, polenyum, and detergents are. In addition, the tobacco and cigarette paper wrapped as well because of the disclosure materials and tar again between carcinogenic substances. With the use of non-direct relationship with the disease have proven to be the best known are: Oral cancer, food pipe (esophagus) cancer, digestive tract cancer (stomach, pancreas cancer, etc.), respiratory system cancer, bronchitis-emphysema-like respiratory system, asthma and lung diseases, heart and vascular disease, ulcers, kidney, and bladder cancer, osteoporosis, uterine cancer (in women), premature menopause (in women), in the sense of smell and taste is reduced.Bladder cancer in men over the age of 65, particularly a type of cancer is more frequent. This cancer in North America, Western Europe and industrialized, according to the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia are to be found ten times more. The most important risk factor for bladder cancer is smoking, the disease compared to non-smokers leads to the emergence of more than 2-3 times. Increases the risk of cigarette smoking and excessive amount of cigarette consumption in case of disease compared to non-smokers are 3-5 times more. Cigarette consumption, common bladder cancer in men 48′inden%, while in women were found to be responsible in 32%. Cigarette consumption is a risk is known to decrease at a rate of 30-60%. Bladder cancer cells was examined caused the damage of smoking on all the activities of normal cells, determines that the DNA content was determined by disturbing. Exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of increased DNA damage in proportion, especially as some distortion, the cells change shape and character into their tendency to cause tumors and cancer cell stack is made up then.The most common complaints of blood in the urine is coming. Burning in the urine or frequent urination may also occur. This is a simple urinary tract infections with similar complaints about a number of similar complaints do not appreciate that, but especially people in risk groups, this is definitely a doctor must refer complaints. Urinary bladder cancer cells spread to the sac inside layer is the source. Diagnostic tests to be done for the following: urine culture, renal ultrasound examination or X-ray (IVP), cystoscopy (looking into the bladder with a lighted camera system process). Bladder tumor surgery because of an error, possibly against the repetition is necessary to periodically check in with cystoscopy. Non-addictive substance that smoking habit once formed is difficult to give up this habit after. However, smoking habit “indispensable” is not a habit. In this regard the most stable it can get rid of this habit of known addict. In fact, a large part of the smoker is not satisfied with these habits with the results of various studies, at least two-thirds of smokers want to quit smoking is understood. A substantial portion of smokers to quit smoking about a little encouragement and support are waiting. But the most important issues in smoking cessation, smoking of a person, about how to quit smoking is that it is itself willing and committed. Many people give up smoking because of health reasons to remain in the case. Of smoking on heart disease and lung disease caused by diseases such as people who have quit smoking with the doctor. Smoking cessation is more common in western countries about the “smoking cessation clinics” in our country started to open. This clinic or any doctor may be asked to help with smoking cessation.

Virus mutation were detected in Norway.

World Health Organization, announced that mutated virus was examined. Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2 people died and H1N1′den status in a patient with severe mutations is set to announce. Authorities, the disease caused by mutations detected fatal symptoms might say. The virus mutated into a deeper than normal in the lungs that, so the risk of pneumonia was also higher than is indicated. World Health Organization, the same mutation seen in the lighter cases and pinpoint their effects can not be announced yet. According to the organization’s data so far from the swine flu death toll has reached 6 thousand 750. On the other hand the number of deaths from the virus in Mexico was reported to increase 540 people.

And up to 15% of all men presenting with infertility problems detected in 40% of varicocele (enlargement of testicular veins, varicose veins governance) the most frequent and most successful results of microsurgical operations as a result we receive is the infertility cause. Temperature increase and the veins in varicocele testis organ back into the flow of blood micro-circulation by affecting sperm production after the disarray; number, mobility, nature and effects of chromosomal structure as a result adversely affects the capacity to fertilize. Varicocele reveal why and how? Began to emerge in adolescent varicocele age and time and is a progressive vein disease. Genetic structure that is appropriate and sometimes pain and visual impairment in standing with much standing occurs also with other causes of infertility and the hand is determined by examination. Prevent and reverse the flow in the veins that make up the valve system of the vessel diameter expansion valve as a result of insufficient pressure at the exit of the veins of the testicles occurs. Increased pressure results in testicular tissue blood circulation sperm production is affected by corruption.

What are the symptoms of Varicocele?

Spread leg pain from egg varicocele and warm atmosphere in the bags can be significant differences with vascular structures such as curved, becoming only the tests for sterility during the examination with the hand can be determined. Varicocele which cause problems? Alone does not create a health problem varicocele. Sperm cells that cause infertility by affecting and sometimes cause pain should be treated with reason. Without pain, and infertility problems in people’s problems not created any treatment need not be done. How is placed on the diagnosis of varicocele? Can be seen in varying degrees in this regard varicocele diagnosed by an experienced specialist in Urology-Andrology be done in the right conditions must be diagnosed by a detailed examination. Doppler ultrasound can be detected only with the benefit of varicocele is not operated except in very special cases a sensitive examination for the diagnosis of varicocele any other examination (ultrasound, etc..) Should not want.

How to varicocele treatment should be done?

 To the person with the diagnosis of varicocele infertility problems should be proposed for the first microsurgical varicocele surgery, drug therapy as the first choice Varikosel determine or test tube baby methods of implementation is not true. Correctly diagnosed and treated by application of microsurgical techniques performed successfully in patients with varicocele statistical significance over 80% in spermiyogram parameter is provided and most of them showing improvement without any other treatment the child may have. Is an important part of the rest, such as vaccination Rahimic, tube baby easier and more economical application can benefit from one method to the next level is. Varicocele surgery previously done, but positive results have not developed a significant portion of those identified in the case if the expression in recurrent varicocele recurrence after varicocele surgery is not possible to be. Surgery performed with insufficient technical reasons in this case by applying microsurgical correction surgery can be positive results. tubebaby(micro-injection) before application to be operated with varicocele sperm cells fertilize the ability to reduce the effect of increasing the rate of fragmentation of chromosome elimination was found to increase pregnancy rates. Cause of infertility in men admitted with diagnosis of varicocele and Doppler ultrasound examination of the implementation result and sometimes even the wrong way, unfortunately with a commercial approach to much unnecessary surgery has been applied and has been put have been known. Microsurgical varicocele surgery in our country started in 1993 with effect from the more than 2,500 surgical operations Even though I have done wrong to me with the diagnosis of varicocele surgery for hundreds of people who applied for the operation need not be difficult to explain the difficulties I had. Sensitive special operations realized with using microsurgical methods are applied instead of other techniques or microsurgical techniques result of the failed implementation of varicocele patients who underwent surgery varicocele disappeared in 40% of projects. In a portion of the patients as a result of the lymph channels connecting the hydrocele, or even to connect a result of the arteries, such as atrophy of the egg and very serious complications that may not be within the correction possibilities can happen. For money on the 80% of the varicocele surgery unnecessary and unsuccessful applications may be reduced as a result of this rate until 20%. Therefore the proposed operation to a simple matter of people not receiving a detailed examination by experts and are suitable to be consulted.

 And scientific facts known about the wrong varicocele:

 1. The most common and successful treatment of varicocele detected with the most positive results are from male infertility is the reason. Diagnosis of varicocele with Doppler ultrasound, but must be done with hand inspection. Doppler ultrasound with a large number of people being incorrectly diagnosed as a varicocele and unnecessary surgeries are performed. Examination should not be operated manually undetectable varicocele; not benefit.

 2. Primarily to men with varicocele tube baby, ICSI, assisted reproductive techniques like vaccination should not be applied. By disturbing the structure of the chromosomal sperm varicocele (DNA fragmentation) to reduce the power of egg fertilization, insemination performed even lower rate boosts. Also seen as a last resort only to be test-tube baby, congenital anomalies and diseases in infants up to approximately 30% increased risk, and mothers should be noted that in terms of risk.

3. The most successful techniques and complications of varicocele surgery in the lowest probability is microsurgical methods. Up 99% on the technical success of microsurgical varicocele operation is an important complication rate to 0%, 3% minor complication rate is nearly 5. 40% risk of hydrocele in other surgical methods, arterial injury is up 5%.

 4. Recurrences after successful surgery in varicocele that is not possible to repeat the operation but has been insufficient and in these cases surgical correction surgery can be applied. Microsurgical operations outside because of inadequate surgical technique in the methods applied rate is up to 40%.

5. Surgical intervention is not a simple microsurgical varicocele surgery, specializes in microsurgery, are successful in experienced hands, every technique to serious complications such as erroneous and inadequate practices, can lead to organ loss. Failed because of complications after surgery varicocele have problems, many patients spermiyogramları are further deteriorate.

United States every 1000 patients hospitalized with kidney stones because of the stay is in l’. In 1% of autopsy cases made stones are often found. Accordingly, a more general approach of kidney stones and urinary tract stones is a large part silent. That is disturbing the patient does not reveal any symptoms. According to the chemical structure, can be found in different kidney stones. Chemical structure “Calcium oxalate”, “calcium phosphate”, “Amon-yumürat”, “Sodium urate”, “Uric acid”, “Cystine”, “xanthine”, “Calcium carbonate”, “Ammonium phosphate” and “Magnesium phosphate” The stones are. Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, ammonium phosphate, magnesium phosphate, calcium oxalate stones, kidney x-rays taken to see in a simple possible.

Other stones can be seen “intravenous piyelografi” [1VP] called in a special way, the withdrawal of X-ray of the kidneys is required. 80% of cases of kidney stones are formed in one side. More frequent in the right kidney stone is composed. Two times more frequently in men than women are to be found for the kidney stones. In 60% cases kidney stones are one. Kidney stone 0.5 cm of 5 cm in size until in olabilmektedir.İdrar urate, phosphate, oxalate, such as the molten state is crystalloid-ier. Normally the urinary tract will be wet with urine. But that will develop a urinary tract infection, you wet from the urine of lead.

In the urine that can be abnormally wet surfaces so that the stones begin to eat crystalloid to collapse. Urea, nitrogen, can be found in the urine certain substances such as salicylic acid, “Hidrotrop item-ler” dir. These substances will increase their crystalloid dissolubility in urine, so the stone to create this prevents the collapse of crystalloid. In urine “nucleic acid”, “Chondroitin sulfuric acid” has such colloids. It consists of kidney stones in the absence kolloidle-rin. Urine than normal density in the interior of the crystalloid or the person’s water loss due to heavy urination, kidney stones prepared for the user is a factor. Phosphate stones occur when the urine is alkaline, acid urine and urate stones in the kidney did occur in the fog. Cause of kidney stone cases 4′üniin% of the “Gut” is a disease. Taylor is 5% of cases of familial tendency is detected.

Vitamin A deficiency, urinary tract caused by the narrowness of the slow flow of urine, to be bedridden for a long time, chronic inflammation of bone, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D excess leads to the formation of kidney stones are the various factors. Kidney stones usually occur in the kidney calices. Outward flow of urine with kidney stone thrown into the road, it can block the urethra and from any region. As a result, urine can accumulate behind the blockage. Kidney and urinary tract infections also occur in this case, the way ACAB-knows. Stones, urinary tract bleeding within the movement, while the vast majority of the road açabilir.Kidney stones will not bother the patient. Beürti is given the most important symptoms “pain” and “hematuria” dir. Pain, kidney stones and urinary tract as a result of progress in the developing urinary tract spasm is optional. Such as pain may be blunt, “colic” called very severe, the occidental features may also be a pain, Koük pain is very severe, the patient is convulsed, solar face, sweat is pouring. The pain may spread to the entire abdomen. Nausea and vomiting may develop pain as a result. Moving blood in the urine and urinary tract may occur as a result of the damage [hematuria).

Kidney stones are caused by pain during attacks, patients and spasms of pain relievers morphine or similar drugs given solvent, is useful in terms of pain relief. Patient to drink more water, urine flow will increase, moving from falling easier. May be dangerous for patients with non fell spontaneously and surgical methods of kidney stones and must be removed. From meat and liquid from the rich, the very poor from the carbohydrate diet and ‘to walk up to one hour per day, or regular sports yapmaki against kidney stones önleyicidir.Böbrek precious stones in the ordinary conditions of dissolved substances in the urine sediments of the hard particles deposits occur. Of these substances led to the formation of kidney stones başlıcalan tirade, such as oxalate and calcium phosphate compounds.

Symptoms of the disease process depends moved instead may occur. Kidney stones in the dish (calyx) or pool (pelvis) can be placed. Also siyek (urethra), urinary bladder and urethra also (ureter) may. The number of kidney stones, and their locations are classified according to chemical structure. Small number and they are small round, as bladder taşlannda many and rubbing each other if they are cornered. Such as a kidney dish and pool to be large spaces they create shows. The very small size of the ones who get all the grit size to fill the gap kidney changes.

CAUSES
Kidney stones, depending on the sometimes develop a metabolic disorder, and sometimes hereditary revealed. Moving to occur because of the urine to increase the intensity or dissolved substances in the urine excessive amounts of bulunmasıdır.Taş led to the formation of metabolic disease, renal source for the rebel-dose (acidity level rise), for hereditary diseases in sistinüri (such as sis did the amino acids in the urine excessive increase) as an example be given. But the 70-percent of kidney stone cases a definite cause can not be shown in up to 80. Stone formation and generally hereditary links to some other determinant factors. Between them in the urine crystallization tendency of the food finding, the urine flow of a barrier because stops; urine were acid (pH) of the level change, yollanrıın bladder inflammation, such as sediment will form material meets the physical and chemical environment, the preparation of the environment in the sediments to facilitate a self-forming bacteria, the cell residues such substances cause stone formation in the presence of a single per sayılabilir.Kendi primary hyperparathyroidism disease. (parathyroid gland wear work-masi). Increased calcium levels in the blood and urine to form calcium phosphate stones prepares appropriate environment. The percent of all kidney stones are calcium stones creates 50-80.

The most common calcium oxalate kidney stone is composed of the grayish-red color. This white calcium phosphate and calcium urate stones are yellowish-brown marks. Gut (drop) id-like illness with a high degree rarlannın acid uric acid taşlanna quite common brown ones (5-33 percent by region) are found. The greenish fog between you and görülenlerler rare tawny stone KSAN-tin pool consisting sayılabilir.Böbrek stone, it is not very large, goes to the bladder through the urethra. Here urination difficult, such as prostate growth conditions occurred, or become even larger in the urine is excreted from the bladder. On the other hand from kidney stones in the kidney to the bladder or the urethra in the pool in the mouth can get stuck. In this case, congestion may occur and sometimes the kidneys.

SEE being INTERVAL
Kidney stone at least three times higher in men than in women is common. Mostly between the ages of 30-50 is seen.Hastalığın irregular geographical distribution. Egypt, China, Russia, Wales, Madagascar, USA and Turkey’s southeast sector from a kidney stone is being quite common olgulanna southern India, in the northern part of China, Ireland and South America, cases of kidney stones are almost never seen. This distribution in the formation of the disease, nutrition, climatic and geological factors is important as the theory does not support the full.

EVIDENCE
Kidney stone symptoms may not be long or extremely close to trivial causes. With different pain intensity started to appear in the urine of kidney sand transport is considered. Basic symptoms of the disease “in renal colic” pain is typically called. It started suddenly with severe seizures AGN, in the stone wall of the urinary tube in the form of spasm or contraction-man pool of kidney stone blocked stress suddenly started causing severe seizures AGN. Initially, the interval, then the continuity of the first waist region often feel pain is. Here spread throughout the urinary tract anus around AGN, and the cane at the beginning of testes in men, large lips in women, as well as the groin, inner thighs and sometimes the chest and shoulder blades in six can be seen. During the most severe pain that restlessness, anxiety, cold sweat, back muscle contractions in, nausea and vomiting occur. If lowering the stone patients, Tasmin narrow siyek (urethra) passes through the channel created by AGN is extremely severe. Taylor immediately after lowering and appeared comfortable with patients of all symptoms will disappear.

The amount of urine during the AGN significantly less and is bloody. Kidney or bladder moved to return to the pool reduces symptoms other than the best hafifler.Belde lead to a slight feeling of fullness without the large kidney stones may be. The reason for this paradoxical situation in a region of the kidney taşlann big move is that it is not stuck in the format. In these patients, definitive diagnosis is not always easy.

REVIEWS
Nowadays, diagnostic examination methods are sufficient to lead to. The important thing is to take necessary measures without ağnlı period. Basic diagnostic method is one of the radiological examination. 80 percent of the stones Hastalann calcium salt (phosphate, oxalate, carbonate) occurs. Calcium stones through X-rays to determine not easily captured in film. Undergoing X-rays do urate, xanthine, and mag-ammonium phosphate stones nezyum-contrast agent for detecting urinary yollanna must be granted. This is an application of indirect methods to pass rapidly from the blood to the kidneys of the contrast agent is given intravenous. X-ray contrast agent is blocking the urinary tract through the visible state, while kidney stones are located in areas it can not fill the contrast agent remains. This method has two name: intravenously (through veins) to view urography name given to the veins auxiliaries, “in which urography called out to the contrast material in the blood can be caused by kidney. Is unable to provide sufficient information Ürografinin in clinical symptoms and laboratory data of kidney stones think “the ürografiye” to apply. In this method, urinary tract contrast material directly to the vessel instead of to give siyek inserted a tube (catheter) is used.

Abdominal ultrasound, X-ray beam passes through, whether or not allow a diameter of up to half a centimeter the exact location of even small stones set format is a way-yebilen. But with this method of urine and urinary tract stones carried in the pipe caused changes or structural properties can not be determined who created the stone formation. No harm to the patient and ease of application ultrasonography because a method is particularly useful in the diagnosis belirtisizDolguların. Laboratory studies is of crucial importance in the diagnosis of the disease. Searching in the urine of blood, urine, determination of the degree of acid in the blood to measure levels of calcium and uric acid analysis for diagnosis are of value. Chemical analysis and for the treatment of stones in the urine culture is very important.
Radiographic examination of the contrast agent is not used directly in the stone of doubt inspiring spots, can be traced in detail by urography. With this method, moved location, its effect on the function of the kidney and urinary tract not understood, more detailed information regarding the function of the kidney stone-free is obtained.
COMPLICATIONS
Complications arising from kidney stones and urinary tubes, namely, attachment disorders are common due to stone. Large stones, causing urine to accumulate kidney pool and a dish to expand their (hidronefroz), micro With the start time of nephritis (pyelonephritis), then the kidney tissue as a result of the abscess to destruction (piyonefroz) causes. Despite these complications, showing a slow growth, chronic pyelonephritis is inevitable that resulted renal

TREATMENT
Kidney stone treatment is done in three stages: pain therapy; stone or lead to the formation of ground preparation for the treatment of common conditions, disrupts the functions of the kidney and / or permanent surgical treatment of painful stone. Begin implementation of severe pain in the form of contractions or spasms of hot solvent, is an effort to relieve inflammation and pain relieving drugs.

NEW METHODS IN THE TREATMENT OF KIDNEY STONE
The newly developed methods in the surgical treatment of kidney stones in the urinary tract and led to great advances. In Sweden and especially Germany and the UK further developed methods of surgical treatment according to traditional methods of percutaneous lithotripsy ADH important advantage is carrying. Drop from a hole in the skin on the receipt of kidney stones, this method enables the user of the device simpler, faster and more cost application, the result is extremely positive because widely used in many countries has started. Moreover, the traditional treatment of painful postoperative period and remain in hospital for a long time, such as the unwanted result of this new method aşılmıştır.Perkütan lithotripsy method, first inserted through the skin with a device called the nefroskop kidney stones can be reached space be seen are provided. Gems do not exceed half a centimeter in diameter if the device is pulled out with forceps. Larger stones with a pump after sound absorbing dalgalanya parts. This method can be applied using local or general anesthesia. Patients starting from the first day of attempts to stand up and can eat.

Entry into the skin instead of pasting a tape to prevent any other, this method does not leave patients discharged from hospital 3-4 days after edilir.Böbrek taşımn another stone therapy outside the body of the ultrasonic waves generated by supersonic whether crushing is taken from the urinary tract. This method is also used in the treatment of gallstones. Ultrasound treatment to the patient and expert breaking stone with difficult situations of reduced complications, in addition also requires litotripsinin. First, lithotripsy, and then break the stone with ultrasound because of many reasons to take advantage of hard stone even more appropriate görülmektedir.En by entering through the skin can be applied to parts in the same way. The following stones kidney stones by breaking-of the treatment occurs in certain forms. These two methods can be applied with the patient while under anesthesia. Removal of kidney stones for the size of all the initiatives failed to move, shape, hardness, and instead, also narrowing of the urinary tract, Edema, and depends on features such as curvature.

SURGICAL
Surgical treatment is applied as a very limited today. Owing to more kidney stone lithotripsy and ultrasound can not be applied to the stone crushing method is used in patients. The other hand, stone crushing method, the excretory system remaining after surgery, infection, and causing new deposits is very useful stones removed. After the operation the remaining stones with shock waves “cleaning” of all stones with surgery to remove the requirement to be eliminated, otherwise largely has solved the problems arising.
PROTECTION
All types of stone to create a schedule from the feed is a common situation. The percentage of patients with calcium stone recurrence is seen within a year 20-30th. Therefore, all patients böbHc move must be made more incelemeerin. Thus, the primary hiperpara-tiroidizm, kidney source acidosis, was sis-specific diseases such as Nuri and infection depending on the evolving medical and surgical treatment of kidney stones should identify cases should be conducted accordingly.

Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of kidney stone patients is not harmful, such as diagnostic methods can also be used for other purposes. In some cases, kidney stones, requiring intensive treatment of a severe general disease symptom olabilir.Kidney first move on the one hand, loss of time, doctor and drug costs, ultrasound and surgical treatment of patients, such as expenditures to the economic and social burden, while on the one hand the unbearable pain and infections have will have a period. . Ultrasound treatment a few times to break the stone implement long-term results of kidney function is not known how well have been affected. But more than 70 percent of patients with kidney stones in the research section to a specific dysfunction has been found. Increase in calcium and uric acid excretion, urinary bladder disorders, such as increased acidity of laboratory investigations can be revealed.

In the light of information obtained in laboratory studies for the treatment of metabolic disorders may apply. Inhibitory effect of this treatment the formation of kidney stones, but that proved exactly yet.
There are two important points to note:

1) of the patients in more than 60 percent of patients with kidney stone formation be prevented by taking plenty of fluids: urine in 24 hours to remove at least 3-4 Push  1,5-2 lt liquid to be taken is very useful in the prevention of kidney stones. The restriction of fluid intake was heart failure, high blood pressure, this method can not be applied in such cases. In addition, calcium, oxalate-rich foods should be avoided and pürince. Slow as a result of the development of kidney stones do have a chronic disease. Patients remain under the supervision of the doctor constantly useful. In cases of unknown cause kidney stones emerging high calcium levels in the urine diuretic (diuretics) can be controlled with the help of medicines. This application together with reducing salt intake of sodium blocker treatment effect is resolved. Elevated levels of uric acid and oxalate in the urine of patients given 24 hours to 300 mg allo-purinol are quite useful.

Risk of bone loss in postmenopausal women with faces, but with early diagnosis can help protect your future. After menopause, many women with osteoporosis can result in bone loss develops. However, relatively very small number of women diagnosed with osteoporosis or treatment was applied. Many symptoms of bone loss is very important to know the quiet. Therefore, to guarantee a healthier future for a moment before you can do everything you should do. In this section of our Web site, bone loss and includes basic facts about osteoporozla. Before talking with other health professional doctor this section, please start by reading. After reading this chapter in the fight against bone loss is hope and help you learn.

Osteoporosis, bones become more porous and that leads to increasingly weak and fragile, is a disease ( “osteo” bones, “porous” means that the porous). Healthy Bones Osteoporotic Bone Healthy bone is dense and strong and can withstand large amounts of pressure. However, the development of osteoporosis, bones become fragile and are viewed that this increases the possibility of bone fracture. Osteoporosis Causes Our body, on the one hand the old bone destruction, while the formation of new bone was on the other hand is such a balance. In this balance, bone destruction is very much depending on which is enough to renew or imbalance, osteoporosis causes. The most important factor contributing to this imbalance is menopause. Years until the mid-30s, most women lose more bone than it wins. Then, this balance usually varies with the amount of bone and lost roughly equals the amount of bone replacement. However, hormonal changes during menopause, so estrogen (female hormone) levels decrease bone loss accelerates. This bone loss reaches a serious level, that person will develop osteoporosis. What are the effects Osteoporoz’un may lead? In the early stages of osteoporosis, can be the difference in quality can lead to very few physical changes. However, the disease progresses, especially the spine, wrist and hip bone fractures can occur with the simple trauma. Bone loss in people with pain, to shorten the length, or limitation of motion of the spine to bend even ( “humpbacked crone as” also known) may lead. These physical symptoms of a person’s self-confidence and strength may decrease. At the same time, healthy, active life, including the ability to maintain a person’s status, even someone else may remain dependent. There are several ways to fight Osteoporozla. The most important, early detection of osteoporosis, the other is the treatment.

Who is under the RISK?

Those most at risk are women in menopause. Menopause usually starts around 50 years old, but any reason ovaries taken earlier age in women can begin. Postmenopausal women at risk than women in other groups are. Bone loss tends to most women, those who have family history of osteoporosis, the white race and Asian women, thin, small bone built are women. Other factors that may contribute to the risk of osteoporosis: Non Too much alcohol consumption Little exercise Little calcium intake (now or in childhood) Had a small bone fracture accident Steroids (often used in the treatment of asthma and arthritis) and thyroid hormone (very high doses) such as the use of certain drugs Early menopause (45 years ago) If you think you are faced with the risk of osteoporosis if you: Talk to your doctor your doctor of certain signs and symptoms can tell you whether or not osteoporosis. X-ray, bone loss is more advanced in the period helps to diagnose osteoporosis. Bone density test, keep in mind It is difficult to detect osteoporosis, a bone density test, your doctor may ask. This is precisely the intensity of investigation of the bone is the easiest way to measure, especially in the early period, your doctor may help in disease diagnosis. Repeated in the future examined, your doctor may also help in monitoring your rate of bone loss. Various types of bone density tests are available. These reliable, test is painless and does not disrupt the integrity of the body. It also takes a short time and most of them only a few minutes. To do this test your doctor to determine whether you have osteoporosis the most reliable way to help. If you think you are at risk, bone density test, ask your doctor whether you need to do. Take care of your bones Slow bone loss that may occur in the future about methods dokturunuzla talk. Although osteoporosis importance of calcium intake, calcium bone loss after menopause can not completely prevent bone or re-construction can not provide. Regularly walk, run, do sports and light aerobic exercise may help in increasing your bone strength. Ask your doctor to meet your needs is an exercise program to help prepare ask. If you diagnosed with osteoporosis if Act Nothing can make the mistake of thinking do not. Or calcium intake and regular exercise to improve the osteoporosis do not believe enough. There are many things you can do. Treatment options with your doctor and your bones healthy and strong as possible to keep talking about ways to get started. Be careful Existing information concerning the treatment of try. Medical science is constantly discovering new treatment options, and you need to know all the options. Discuss them with your doctor again. Relax If a diagnosis of osteoporosis if you are not alone. Over 200 million women have osteoporosis in the world. Yourself as one of the lucky ones, try to think, because now you know what you can do to fight osteoporozla.

The female hormone estrogen ovulation Menapozdaki fundamental changes as a result of the decrease stops. Thus, in women,

Hot flushes, sweating, palpitations
Insomnia, nervousness, (mental depression) depression, forgetfulness, fatigue, short temper
Sometimes in sexual desire (libido) decrease
Osteoporosis (osteoporosis)
Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) tends to develop
Withdrawal of sexual organs (atrophy), dryness, painful relationship
To urinary incontinence in up to atrophy
arises.

Women wake up one morning, they find themselves do not have menopause. 20 years in the middle of menopause is the period of changes. After 40 years in women before ovulation, depending on the reduced irregular menstruation, intermittent hot flushes and sweats, psychological changes begin to emerge. Then gradually increases, and complaints unit is disconnected completely. 1 year in this period piece is sufficient for the diagnosis of menopause lack of bleeding. One of more than 6 months delay to investigate whether the blood that stimulate ovulation and estrogen hormone (FSH) levels were measured and precise diagnosis is. However, irregular periods or irregular bleeding menopause thought I should not be against the normal patient of these changes by contacting your doctor pregnancy and genital cancer in women can be seen from these diseases can be kept in mind should be investigated carefully.

POSTMENOPAUSAL HEART AND VASCULAR DISEASES
The reduction of estrogen hormone in women with POSTMENOPAUSAL of these hormones in cardiovascular disease protective effect disappeared because of hardening of the arteries and heart attack risk 60% increase. As a result of work done outside of the hormone estrogen reduce the risk at a rate of 25-50% was found. Hormone estrogen in the blood while reducing harmful fats increases the useful oils. Estrogen directly on the vascular relaxant also, has a positive effect. Fibrinogen in the blood clotting factors and also found to be less than those who used estrogen and vascular bed of a heart attack within the protective effect of reduced risk of clot formation has been reported to be also connected.

POSTMENOPAUSAL osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS)
Approximately 25 million women in the United States with the problems of osteoporosis after menopause main mineral of bone tissue which is roughly the calcium deficiency as a result of aging and estrogen menapozdaki is permanently lost. The mean bone loss in the first 5-8 years, 4-8% per year while the women and then partially reduced each year approximately 1% of bone tissue and 75 years old when it loses, on average, 30% of the 35-year-old bone tissue is lost. Accordingly osteoporosis menapozla results with the rapidly growing pains with silent spine fractures, length contraction and kamburluk revealed. 65 years until a woman POSTMENOPAUSAL average 4 cm in length, 9 cm up to 75 years shorter. Depending on bone fractures in the spine collapse and rib cage emerged kamburluk result of the deterioration of the bone structure in patients with respiratory distress may develop. Impact of falling POSTMENOPAUSAL women hip, wrist and other bone fractures also can be exposed more easily. One of the most serious of these fractures are hip fractures and hip fractures after the 12-20% of patients are lost within 2 years. Patients undergoing hip fracture a portion of the rest are in need of constant care. Therefore, treatment and rehabilitation in the United States the annual expenditures amount to 20 billion dollars and this figure is increasing every year. Protection in this respect the most economical, easiest and most humane method stands out as our opposite. Ground for the risk factors for osteoporosis:

Multi childbirth
Smoking, alcohol use
Nutritional disorders (calcium-poor diet)
The absence of sun bathing habits
Sports do not have the habit of
Bound to the bed for a long time causing diseases
Some endocrine (hormonal) disorders (hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism (goiter), adrenal gland, or excessive work as a medicine long-term intake of steroid hormones, etc.).
Connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis), liver cirrhosis, kidney disease, premature menopause
Genetic factors (presence of osteoporosis in family)

Menopause DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

HORMONE THERAPY with

Oral
Or a lot of bands with the gel skin pasted
Vaginal
estrogen replacement therapy is essential to begin.

Creates barriers to the use of hormone status:

New heart attack (myocardial infarction) who had
Transient ischemic attack
Been spent stroke (cerebrovascular accident), brain vessel blockages
Of liver function is corrupted
Presence of advanced tumors with estrogen (breast, uterus)
Thromboembolism (blockage of blood vessels with clotting damariçi)

Careful and controlled to be used when:

Ischemic heart disease (hardening of the arteries due to malnutrition)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Gall bladder diseases and stones
Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes)
Hiperlipemi (blood fat, cholesterol, the rate is higher)
Migraine headaches
Million (in uterine tumors)

Before starting hormone therapy, possible side effects of these drugs used for many years and circumstances that may arise due to be known by the patient, preparation should be made. Preliminary research:

General body and gynecological examination, blood pressure, weight, weight measurement
Liver functions (liver enzymes in blood, fats, cholesterol is measured)
Blood and urine tests (general controls)
Cervical smear (cervical cancer to investigate the smear taken)
Mammography (breast cancer screening)
Endometrial biopsy and / or vaginal ultrasound and endometrial thickness measurement (the cervical cancer screening)
Fasting Blood Sugar (Diabetes investigation)
Electrocardiography (heart attack or malnutrition in the investigation)
If you need bone density measurements (to prevent fractures and to investigate the requirements for other drugs)
This tests the patient according to the state for at least 1 year intervals is repeated.

Hormone-free Treatment
Usually not directly against menapoza, created diseases (osteoporosis, etc.) and methods used against the drug contains.

Calcium Support
Bisphosphonates
Vitamin D
Diet
Calcium-rich diet is essential. Milk, yogurt, cheese, etc. try to pre-diet is bone loss.

Exercise
Simple 30-minute walk every day and lifting weights, muscle strengthening movements, is as important as medication. In the summer sunlight (ultra-violet) to benefit from regular sunbathing is useful.

TREATMENT OF DISEASES THAT

Melting of bone
Appropriate treatment is fracture occurred with physical therapy and rehabilitation will be provided. Arise due to fracture caused kamburluk physical therapy for pain and respiratory distress and is trying to help patients atellerle appropriate. For the prevention of the formation of a broken home, patients should be rearranged according to. Stair edges, bathroom and toilet to hold onto the arms are made. Power failure may occur immediately to avoid collision and fall special battery or stairs can be placed jenaratörlü lamps. Slippery in places covering materials (carpets, rugs, etc..) Can be made stable.

Urine Abduction
Bladder neck or bladder to sag to be increased activity (detrusor instability) depends. Bladder neck surgery in cases where the floating art; incontinence due to bladder muscle contractions untimely medicine, physical therapy and / or bladder treatment is appropriate based on the electrical simulasyonuna. What to do about treatment by a physician’s expert examination, laboratory and Urodynamic (bladder filling, micturition pressure and kidnapping with a computer record) should be decided in such studies. Well-chosen patients to treat urinary incontinence may lead to improved growth as.

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Sexual Problems

Menopause and Family

Is also a period in your life naturally Menapozun without forgetting, by taking necessary measures to wish  happy life to spend!